Mapping NVIDIA's Supply Chain and the Great Wall of RestrictionsFor China's AI industry, one question matters more than almost any other: Where do the chips that power the global AI revolution come from, and how can we get them?
The short answer is that the most advanced AI chips are designed in America and made in Taiwan. This simple fact defines the entire geopolitical battlefield of artificial intelligence.
Let's map the supply chain of NVIDIA's AI GPUs and explain the current state of the restrictions blocking their path to China.The Anatomy of an NVIDIA AI Chip: A Global JourneyNVIDIA is a "fabless" designer. They create the blueprints but don't own the factories. This means producing a single H100 or B200 GPU is a feat of global coordination.1. The Brain: Design (United States)
Location: Santa Clara, California.
* The Work: Here, NVIDIA's engineers design the architecture. This is the core IP—the secret sauce that makes their GPUs so dominant for AI training.2. The Heart Fabrication (Taiwan)
Location: Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan.
The Partner: Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC).
* The Critical Step: TSMC is the only company in the world that can currently manufacture NVIDIA's most advanced chips at the required scale and yield. They etch the designs onto silicon wafers using their cutting-edge 4nm and 3nm processes. This is the single greatest chokepoint in the entire AI supply chain.3. The Nervous System: Advanced Packaging (Taiwan & South Korea)
The Technology: CoWoS (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate).
Why it Matters: Advanced AI chips aren't single pieces of silicon; they're complexes of processor and memory dies fused together. TSMC's CoWoS technology is as critical as the fabrication itself. A shortage of this packaging capacity has recently limited global AI chip supply.4. The Body: Assembly & Testing (China & Southeast Asia)
Location: Historically mainland China, but rapidly diversifying to Malaysia, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
The Work: The fabricated and packaged chips are mounted onto boards and put into their final housings. While this step is less technically complex, geopolitical tensions are forcing a supply chain shift away from China.The Bottom Line
The world's most critical AI infrastructure is built on a foundation of silicon that must pass through Taiwan. This concentration of capability is a primary driver of US policy.
The Great Wall of Restrictions: The Current State of Play (October 2025)
The US government's strategy has evolved from building a wall to actively closing every possible gate and tunnel.The "Loophole" is Closed
The initial restrictions targeted NVIDIA's flagship A100 and H100 chips. NVIDIA responded by creating China-specific versions (the A800 and H800). The latest US regulations have specifically outlawed these downgraded chips, making the entire high-performance lineup inaccessible through official channels.A Moving Target
The US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is not issuing one-time rules. It has adopted a policy of continuous escalation, regularly updating performance thresholds to stay ahead of any new "compliant" chips NVIDIA might design. The goal is to maintain a permanent performance gap.The Squeeze on Third Countries
The US is aggressively pressuring allies in the Middle East and Southeast Asia to prevent the transshipment and resale of restricted chips to China. The "grey market" is becoming a dangerous and expensive gamble, not a reliable supply chain.What This Means for China's AI Ambitions
The situation is a classic story of constraint breeding innovation—under duress.1. The Domestic Champion Rises
Huawei has become the undisputed beneficiary. Its Ascend series (notably the 910B) is now the backbone of China's quest to train frontier AI models. While it lags in performance and efficiency compared to NVIDIA's best, it is the only viable, scalable alternative.2. The Software War
NVIDIA's true moat is its CUDA software platform, which locks developers into its ecosystem. China's national priority is now building a competitive software stack, with Huawei's CANN and other frameworks, to make Ascend chips easier to program and deploy.3. A Bifurcated World
The outcome is two parallel AI ecosystems. One, led by the US and its allies, runs on NVIDIA. The other, within China, runs primarily on Huawei. The race to 100 trillion parameters is now a race on these two separate tracks.The VerdictThe US restrictions on NVIDIA are more severe and effective than ever. They have successfully severed China's direct access to the hardware fuelling the global AI boom.
However, they have not halted China's progress. They have redirected it. China is now on a forced march toward technological self-sufficiency, pouring national resources into building a complete domestic stack, from silicon to software.The world is watching a high-stakes experiment: Can China innovate its way out of a technological blockade? The answer will define the balance of power in the AI century.---

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